Vaults
Vaults
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Nave of Lisbon Cathedral with a barrel vault soffit. Note the absence of clerestory windows, all the light provided by the Rose window at one end of the vault.
The Cloisters, New York,
A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a dome car, is an architectural element consisting of a single extrusion curve (or pair of curves in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. The curves are generally circular, loans a semi-cylindrical appearance to the overall design. The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault effectively juxtaposed a series of arcs, ie one after another.
As with all constructions arc base, there is a push outward against the walls generated under a barrel vault. There are several mechanisms to absorb this thrust. One is, of course, to make the walls very thick and strong – this is a primitive method, and sometimes unacceptable. A more smart is to build two or more ships parallel to each other, the strength of their outward thrusts are therefore negate each other. This method was most often used in construction churches, where several ships ran parallel vaulted over the building. However, the exterior walls of the outermost regions should be very vault strong or reinforced by buttresses. The mechanism of the third and most elegant to resist the lateral thrust was to create an intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles, forming a groin vault.
The barrel vaults are known from ancient Egypt, and is widely used in Roman architecture. Also used to replace the Cloaca Maxima with an underground sewer system. The first barrel vault designs are produced in northern Europe, Turkey, Morocco and elsewhere. In medieval Europe the barrel vault is an important element of building stone in the monasteries, castles, tower houses and other structures. This form of design observed in the cellars, crypts, long corridors, cloisters, and even large rooms.
The theory and the early history
Barrel vault was known and used by early civilizations, including ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, but was apparently not very popular or very common method of construction. The technique probably evolved by the need for roof construction of masonry elements such as bricks or stone blocks in areas where timber and wood are scarce. The first known example of a vault is a vault of the tunnel was found in the Sumerian Ziggurat at Nippur in Babylonia, ascribed to about 4000 BC, which was built of bricks cooked mixed with mud mortar. The vaults of the tunnel before in Egypt are in Requagnah and Dendera, about 3500 BC, which were built in brick drying the sun in three rings over passages descending to the tombs: in these cases, as the space of the vault was only two meters. In these early cases, the barrel vault is mainly used for underground structures such as drains and sewers, although several buildings of the great palace of late Egyptian mortuary temple Ramesseum also vaulted in this way. Recent archaeological evidence discovered at the site Morgantina (in the province of Enna) show that the barrel vault on the ground was known and used in Hellenistic Sicily century BC, indicating that the technique was also known by the ancient Greeks.
The ancient Romans probably inherited their knowledge of barrel vault of the Etruscans. The Romans were the first to use this method widely in construction projects large scale, and probably were the first to use scaffolding to help in the construction of the vaults that spans over a width exceeding anything seen before. However, Roman builders gradually began to prefer the use of the groin vault, while more complex to build, this type of roof required no heavy, thick support walls (see below), and therefore allows larger buildings with more open and the interior much lighter, such as hot springs.
After the fall the Roman Empire, few buildings large enough to require much in the way of the vault were built for several centuries. In the early Romanesque period, a return to the barrel vaults of stone was seen in the first major cathedrals, and its interiors were quite dark due to thick walls and heavy necessary to support from the vault. One of the largest and most famous churches closed from above by a barrel vault was the church of the Abbey of Cluny, built between the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
In the thirteenth and fourteenth century, with the progress of the new Gothic style, the barrel vault almost became extinct in the construction of great cathedrals Gothic cross vaults strengthened by stone ribs are mostly used in the beginning, and later in several types of … (and so on) For more information, visit some products on hid headlight, rechargeable LED Torch. The air compressor and Jump Start products must demonstrate more here!
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